JEE Syllabus

Unit 1:

Sets, relations and functions

Sets and their representation

Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties

Power set Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations, functions; One-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions.

Unit 2:

Complex numbers and quadratic equations

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals

Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane

Argand diagram

algebra of complex numbers

modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number

square root of a complex number

triangle inequality

Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions.

Relation between roots and co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots.

Unit 3:

Matrices and determinants

Matrices

algebra of matrices

types of matrices

determinants and

Matrices of order two and three.

Properties of determinants

evaluation of determinants

Area of triangles using determinants.

Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations

Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices.

Unit 4:

Permutations and combinations

Fundamental principle of counting

permutation as an arrangement and

combination as selection

Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r)

Simple applications

Unit 5:

Mathematical induction

Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications

Unit 6:

Binomial theorem and its simple applications

Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index

general term and middle term

properties of Binomial coefficients

simple applications

Unit 7:

Sequences and series

Arithmetic and Geometric progressions

insertion of arithmetic

geometric means between two given numbers

relation between A.M. and G.M. sum upto n terms of special series: S n, S n2, Sn3

Arithmetic - Geometric progression

UNIT 8:

Limit, continuity and differentiability

Real - valued functions

algebra of functions

polynomials

rational

trigonometric

logarithmic and exponential functions

inverse functions

Graphs of simple functions

Limits, continuity and differentiability

Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions

Differentiation of trigonometric

inverse trigonometric

logarithmic

exponential

composite and implicit functions

derivatives of order upto two

Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems

Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic - increasing and decreasing functions

Maxima and minima of functions of one variable

tangents and normals

Unit 9:

Integral calculus

Integral as an anti - derivative

Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.

Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities.

Evaluation of simple integrals of the type Integral as limit of a sum.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Properties of definite integrals.

Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form.

Unit 10:

Differential equations

Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree.

Formation of differential equations.

Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type: dy/dx+p(x)y=q(x)

Unit 11:

Co-ordinate geometry

Straight lines: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.

Circles, conic sections: Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent. Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.

Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type: dy/dx+p(x)y=q(x)

Unit 12:

Three dimensional geometry

Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines.

Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation.

Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines

Unit 13:

Vector algebra

Vectors and scalars

addition of vectors

components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space

Scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.

Unit 14:

Statistics and probability

Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.

Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.

Unit 15:

Trigonometry

Trigonometrical identities and equations

Trigonometrical functions

Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties

Heights and Distances

Unit 16:

Mathematical reasoning

Statements, logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if

Understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive

UNIT I:

Physics and Measurement

Physics, technology and society, S I units, Fundamental and derived units

Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments

Errors in measurement

Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications

Unit 2:

Kinematics

Frame of reference

Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity

Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity

Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, and relations for uniformly accelerated motion.

Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector

Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion

Unit 3:

Laws of Motion

Force and Inertia

Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action.

Newton's First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton's Second Law of motion; Impulse; Newton's Third Law of motion.

Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, Equilibrium of concurrent forces.

Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction

Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications.

Unit 4:

Work, Energy and Power

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work energy theorem, power.

Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Unit 5:

Rotational Motion

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications; moment of inertia, radius of gyration.

Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion.

Unit 6:

Gravitation

The universal law of gravitation

Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.

Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.

Escape velocity.

Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.

Unit 7:

Properties of Solids And Liquids

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity.

Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications.

Viscosity, Stokes'law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number. Bernoulli's principle and its applications.

Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise.

Heat' temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat.

Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, Newton's law of cooling.

Unit 8:

Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature.

Heat, work and internal energy.

First law of thermodynamics.

Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

Carnot engine and its efficiency.

Unit 9:

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas.

Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure.

Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules; Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro's number.

Unit 10:

Oscillations and Waves

Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. - kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period; Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance

Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect in sound

Unit 11:

Electrostatics

Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.

Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.

Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field.

Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.

Unit 12:

Current Electricity

Electric current,Drift velocity, Ohm's law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and nonohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance.

Electric Cell and its internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.

Kirchhoff's laws and their applications.

Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge.

Potentiometer - principle and its applications.

Unit 13:

Magnetic Effects Of Current And Magnetism

Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic substances.

Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Hysteresis, Electromagnets and permanent magnets.

Unit 14:

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced emf and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents.

Self and mutual inductance

Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; Quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattless current.

AC generator and transformer.

Unit 15:

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, Xrays, gamma rays).

Applications of e.m. waves.

Unit 16: Optics

Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact, Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

wavefront and Huygens' principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width.

Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.

Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.

Unit 17:

Dual Nature of Matter and radiation

Dual nature of radiation.

Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation; particle nature of light.

Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation.

Davisson-Germer experiment

Unit 18:

Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.

Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.

Radioactivity-alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

Unit 19:

Electronic Devices

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).

Transistor as a switch.

Unit 20:

Communication Systems

Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation

Need for modulation

Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

Bandwidth of signals

Bandwidth of Transmission medium

Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only).

UNIT I:

Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory

Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound

Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis

Laws of chemical combination

Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae

Chemical equations and stoichiometry

Unit 2:

States of Matter

Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.

Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases

Gas laws -Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure

Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation

Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates)

Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities

Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor and van der Waals equation

Liquid State: Properties of liquids -vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).

Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)

Bragg's Law and its applications

Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids

Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties

Unit 3:

Atomic Structure

Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations

Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect

Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model

Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions

various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance

shapes of s, p and d -orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number

Rules for filling electrons in orbitals -aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Unit 4:

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Strucure

Kossel -Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds.

Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.

Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules

Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory -Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals

Resonance Molecular Orbital Theory -Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.

Unit 5:

Chemical Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics -Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity

Hess's law of constant heat summation

Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution

Second law of thermodynamics

Spontaneity of processes

DS of the universe and DG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, Dgo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Unit 5:

Chemical Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics -Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity

Hess's law of constant heat summation

Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution

Second law of thermodynamics

Spontaneity of processes

DS of the universe and DG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, Dgo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Unit 6:

Solutions

Different methods for expressing concentration of solution -molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law -Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure -composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions

Colligative properties of dilute solutions -relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure

Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van't Hoff factor and its significance

Unit 7:

Equilibrium

Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium.

Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid -gas and solid -gas equilibria, Henry's law, general characterics of equilibrium involving physical processes.

Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of DG and DGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle.

Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted -Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.

Unit 8:

Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.

Eectrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications.

Electrochemical cells -Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half -cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement

Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change

Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.

Unit 9:

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst

elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms ofzero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions -Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

Unit 10:

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids -Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.

Colloidal state- distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids -lyophilic, lyophobic

multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids -Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation

Emulsions and their characteristics

Unit 11:

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

Unit 12:

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals

Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of metals -concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.

Unit 13:

Hydrogen

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen

Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water

Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen as a fuel

Unit 14:

S -Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

Preparation and properties of some important compounds -sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide; Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.

Unit 15:

P -Block Elements

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

GroupWise study of the p -block elements

Group -13: Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium; properties of boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums.

Group -14: Allotropes of carbon, tendency for catenation; Structure & properties of silicates, and zeolites.

Group -15: Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of phosphorus.

Group -16: Preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur

Group -17: Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.

Group –18: Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.

UNIT 16:

D -And F -BLOCK ELEMENTS

Transition Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements -physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2 Cr2 O7 and KMnO4 .

Inner Transition Elements: Lanthanoids -Electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction.

Actinoids -Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

Unit 17:

Co-Ordination Compounds

Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner's theory

ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism

Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

Unit 18:

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution -Atmospheric, water and soil.

Atmospheric pollution -Tropospheric and Stratospheric

Tropospheric pollutants -Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming; Acid rain;

Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.

Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer -its mechanism and effects.

Water Pollution -Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.

Soil pollution -Major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides,. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution.

Unit 19:

Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds

Purification -Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography -principles and their applications

Qualitative analysis -Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.

Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) -Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.

Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

Unit 20:

Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules -hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: -C = C –, -C h C -and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism -structural and stereoisomerism.

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission -Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles. Electronic displacement in a covalent bond -Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.

Unit 21:

Hydrocarbons

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions. Alkanes -Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.

Alkenes -Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis and polymerization.

Alkynes -Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization.

Aromatic hydrocarbons -Nomenclature, benzene -structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel -Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.

Unit 22:

Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.

Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform & iodoform.

Unit 23:

Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.

Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer -Tiemann reaction.

Ethers: Structure.

Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones

Important reactions such as -Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of r -hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.

Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

Unit 24:

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.

Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Unit 25:

: Polymers

General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization

Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization

Some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses -polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.

UNIT 26:

Biomolecules

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.

Carbohydrates -Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).

Proteins -Elementary Idea of r -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

Vitamins -Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids -Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids.

UNIT 27:

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Chemicals in medicines -Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins -their meaning and common examples.

Chemicals in food -Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents -common examples. Cleansing agents -Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

UNIT 28:

PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTR

Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.

Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt, potash alum.

Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.

Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises -Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr's salt vs KMnO4.

Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations -Pb2+ , Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+. Anions- CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, NO2-, NO3-, CI -, Br, I. (Insoluble salts excluded).

PartI:

CONTENTS

Awareness of persons, places, Buildings, Materials. Objects, Texture related to Architecture and build—environment.

Visualising three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional drawings.

Visualising. Different sides of three-dimensional objects.

Analytical Reasoning Mental Ability (Visual, Numerical and Verbal).

Part II

Three dimensional - perception: Understanding and appreciation of scale and proportion of objects, building forms and elements, colour texture, harmony and contrast.

Design and drawing of geometrical or abstract shapes and patterns in pencil.

Transformation of forms both 2 D and 3 D union, subtraction, rotation, development of surfaces and volumes, Generation of Plan, elevations and 3 D views of objects.

Creating two dimensional and three dimensional compositions using given shapes and forms.

Sketching of scenes and activities from memory of urbanscape (public space, market, festivals, street scenes, monuments, recreational spaces, ect.), landscape (river fronts, jungles, trees, plants, etc.) and rural life.

UNIT II:

Current Electricity

Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and nonlinear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.

Carbon resistors, color code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.

Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.

Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, Metre Bridge.

Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

UNIT III:

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements.

Para-, dia-and ferro-magnetic substances, with examples.

Electromagnetic and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

UNIT IV:

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced emf and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.

Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current.

AC generator and transformer.

UNIT V:

Electromagnetic Waves

Need for displacement current.

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

UNIT VI:

Optics

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker's formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.

Scattering of light- blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses.

Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens' principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts.

Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens' principle.

Interference, Young's double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light.

Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.

Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.

UNIT VII:

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation- particle nature of light.

Matter waves- wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).

UNIT VIII:

Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha- particle scattering experiments; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.

Radioactivity- alpha, beta and gamma particles/ rays and their properties decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion

UNIT IX:

Electronic Devices

Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, diode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Solid State

Structure of Atom

Solutions

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Electrochemistry

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chemical Kinetics

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Surface Chemistrys

Thermodynamics

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Equilibrium

p- Block Elements

Redox Reactions

d and f Block Elements

Hydrogen

Coordination Compounds

s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Some p-Block Elements

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Hydrocarbons

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Environmental Chemistry

Biomolecules

UNIT I:

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

General Introduction: Important and scope of chemistry.

Laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.

Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

UNIT II:

Structure of Atom

Atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbital, quantum numbers, shapes of s,p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT III:

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 48

Modern periodic law and long form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electrone gativity, valence.

UNIT IV:

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond..

UNIT V:

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws of elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charle's law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, ideal behaviour of gases, empirical derivation of gas equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.

Liquid State- Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).

UNIT VI:

Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of U and H, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of : bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution.

Introduction of entropy as state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.

Third law of thermodynamics- Brief introduction.

UNIT VII:

Equilibrium

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium- Le Chatelier's principle; ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea)., buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

UNIT VIII:

Redox Reactions

Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers.

UNIT IX:

Hydrogen

EOccurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydridesionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, uses and structure;

UNIT X:

s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

Group I and group 2 elements:

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses.

Preparation and Properties of Some important Compounds:

Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium.

Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.

UNIT XI:

Some p-Block Elements

General Introduction to p-Block Elements.

Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and alkalies.

General 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides.

Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses.

UNIT XII:

Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques

General introduction, methods of purification qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.

Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.

Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

UNIT XIII:

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.

Alkanes-Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.

Alkynes-Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of- hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.

Aromatic hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution-Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, 50 Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.

UNIT XIV:

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.

UNIT I:

Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

UNIT II:

Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor.

UNIT III:

Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell- electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.

UNIT IV:

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory ( elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.

UNIT V:

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of emulsions.

UNIT VI:

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

UNIT VII:

p- Block Elements

Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur - allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).

Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

UNIT VIII:

d and f Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals- metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4

Lanthanoids- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.

Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

UNIT IX:

Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and stereo) bonding, Werner's theory VBT, CFT; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).

UNIT X:

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C -X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.

Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).

Uses and environment effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetra chloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

UNIT XI:

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.

UNIT XII:

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

UNIT XIII:

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.

Cyanides and Isocyanides- will be mentioned at relevant places.

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT XIV:

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates- Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D.L. configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance.

Proteins- Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

Hormones- Elementary idea (excluding structure).

Vitamins- Classification and function.

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

UNIT XVI:

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Chemicals in medicines- analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.

Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.

Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.